^ L ■■  i 


’p/ici‘ete. 


CONCRETE  COjJSTRUCTIOW 


Goodridge,  John  C 

Beton  Coignet  and  Goodridge  system  of  con- 
structing and  repairing  railway  and  other  struc- 
tures; with  claim  of  patents  in  United  States 
and  Canada,  1885.  New  York,  New  York  stone  con- 
tracting CO.,  John  C.  Goodridge,  jr.,  president 
t 1885j 

71  p.  illus.,  diagrs.  22-^. 


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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries ' 


https://archive.org/details/betoncoignetgobdOOnewy 


Address  JOHN  d 


G ddiDRhldji'isd'Jj'd'Prcsident, 


NEW  YORJ^  pa, 

1 13  Easri\\h  StdNe'-X>'YO''k’dty} 


HE  manufacture  of  Beton  in  this  country  was  com- 


^ menced  in  the  year  1869.  The  illustrations  show 
structures  erected  by  us.  Many  of  them  have  been  up 
ten  to  twelve  years. 

All  have  satisfactorily  withstood  all  the  tests  that 
could  be  asked  of  any  building  material. 

Beton  commends  itself  particularly  to  engineers,  from 
the  fact  that  a structure  can  be  made  monolithic  and 
homogeneous  throughout  its  entire  mass,  while  the 
rapidity  of  construction  by  this  method  is  unequalled  by 
any  other.  The  process  of  repair  can  be  carried  on  in 
arches  and  bridges  without  interruption  of  traffic. 

The  claims  of  the  Coignet  and  Goodridge  patents  are 
given  as  the  shortest  description  of  the  process. 

All  persons  are  cautioned  agaist  infringing  on  these 
patents. 


JOHN  C.  GOODRIDGE,  Jn., 

113  East  25th  St.,  N.  Y. 


General  View,  Montezuma  Bridge,  'Wabash,  Ind.  M.  M.  Defrees,  Chief  Engineer. 


4 


Iluverstraw  Tunnel.  N.  V.,  Ontario  Western  K.  U.  Walter  Kattc,  Chief  Ens-ineer. 


Cantilever  Bridge,  Niagara  River.  Central  Bridge  Company,  General  Contractors. 


PLAN  OF  masonry  PIERS 


6 


Pier  1,  Kansas  City  Bridge. 


Pier  2,  Kansas  City  Bridge. 


i 


Pier  3,  Kansas  City  Bridge. 


Pier  -t,  Kansas  City  Bridge. 


8 


L. 


Pier  3,  Kansas  City  Brlcig’e,  before  Repairs 


Pier  4,  Kansas  City  Bridge,  before  Repairs. 


it 


/ 

General  View,  Kansas  City  Bridge.  Geo.  S.  Morison,  Consulting  Engineer. 
C.  C.  Chandler,  Chief  Engineer,  Hannibal  & St.  Joseph  R.  K. 


Plattsmouth  Bridge,  Missouri  River.  Geo.  S.  Morison,  C.  E. 


10 


Plattsmoulh  Bridge,  Missouri  River.  Geo.  S.  Morifon,  C.  E. 


Beton  Foundations  of  Plattsmoulh  Bridge,  Missouri  River. 
Geo.  S.  Morison,  C.  E. 


1 1 


Pennsylvania  Railroad 


A.  W.  $tedman,  Chief  Engineer. 


12 


Via(  Ofcnm^  20f>  ft 

Section  before  Repair. 


13 


It  is  not  inteuiied  to  give  recommendations  or  reports  of  engineers  in  con- 
nection with  this  process.  Tlie  many  structures  ei’ccted  or  repaired  since 
1870  show  for  themselves,  and  are  their  own  best  recommendation;  and  to  all 
of  them,  and  to  all  the  railroads  and  engineers  bj'  wliom  we  have  been 
employed,  we  respectfully  refer.  AVe  make  a few  extracts  from  tlie  “Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,”  contained  in  a paper 
prepared  by  iMr.  Clianute,  when  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Erie  Railroad.  It 
shows  concisely  some  of  the  advantages  of  this  process. 


Fiy.  1.  Portag'e  Hriitfrc. 


American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 


RKPYYIRS  OF  MASONRY. 

By  O.  Chanute,  Vice-President  A.  S.  C.  E. 


Read  at  the  lUh  Animal  Coiixention  of  the  Society,  June  \bth,  1881. 


Tbe  impoilant  economical  lesulls  accomplished  on  the  Erie  Railway  (now 
the  New  York,  Lake  Erie,  and  Western  Railroad),  within  the  last  six  5’ears, 
by  the  use  of  heton,  wairant  making  an  exception  to  the  general  tule 
concerning  methods  which  are  protected  hj’  letters  patent,  and  induce  me  to 
give  an  account  of  a material  which  is  capable  of  extensive  application  by 
engineers. 

Beton,  when  put  into  place,  forms  a plastic  mass,  capable  of  being  rammed 
into  crevices  of  all  masonry,  of  being  moulded  to  all  shapes,  and  made  into 
monoliths  of  all  kinds  and  sizes,  from  a statue  or  obelisk  to  a culvert  or 
viaduct. 

When  set,  it  becomes  a hard  and  imperishable  stone,  with  a tensile 
strength  of  some  300  pounds  to  the  square  inch,  and  a crushing  resistance  of 
about  8,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  or  about  as  strong  as  good  granite;  and 
when  well  made  of  good  materials,  neither  time  nor  the  elements  seem  to 
have  any  more  effect  upon  ii  than  the  ancient  Roman  mortar,  which  it 
resembles  in  its  hardness  and  tenacity  of  adhesion  to  natural  stones. 

It  is  proposed  to  give  an  account  in  this  paper  of  the  uses  to  which  beton 
has  been  applied  on  the  Erie  Railway. 

In  ]May,  1875,  the  Portage  viaduct,  over  tbe  Genesee  River,  on  the  Erie 
Railway,  was  burned  down.  This  viaduct,  which  is  850  feet  long,  and  234 
feet  high  above  the  bed  of  the  stream,  had  been  built  of  wood  in  1852,  and 
rested  upon  fifteen  stone  piers,  from  ten  to  thiity  feet  high.  These  piers 
were  much  injured  externally  by  the  fire,  and  when  examined  for  the  purpose 
of  rebuilding  upon  them  the  iron  viaduct  which  replaced  the  wooden  one, 
they  were  found  considerably  shattered  and  shaken,  in  consequence  either  of 
bad  workmanship,  the  perishable  nature  of  the  stone,  or  the  settling  of  the 
foundations. 

In  order  to  save  expense,  however,  it  was  determined  to  use  these  old 
piers,  provided  they  could  be  protected  from  the  further  disintegrating  effects 
of  the  weather;  and  investigation  having  pointed  to  the  efficiency  of  beton  for 
this  purpose,  it  was  determined  to  try  it. 


15 


A contract  was  accordingly  made  with  Mr.  Goodridge,  President  of  the 
New  York  Stone  Contracting  Company — this  being  the  name  of  the  organiza- 
tion which  controls  the  beton  process  in  this  country — to  repair  tliese  piers. 
This  was  done  by  encasing  all  portions  exposed  to  the  wash  of  water  at  the 
ordinary  winter  stage  (which  portions  had  been  more  or  less  shattered  by  frost 
and  undermined  by  the  action  of  water)  with  twenty-four  inches  of  beton;  the 
ice-breakers  at  the  ends  were  also  encased,  and  the  tops  of  the  piers  were 
covered  with  a coat  of  beton  two  inches  thick,  to  keep  out  infiltration,  and 
the  consequent  splitting  apart  of  the  masonry.  The  new  pedestal  blocks  for 
the  posts  were  also  boxed  in  with  beton  to  keep  them  firm  and  sound. 

By  examining  the  engraving  of  the  bridge,  you  can  distinguish  the 
portions  of  the  piers  covered  with  beton  by  their  white,  blank  appearance. 
It  is  on  top,  on  the  shoulders  of  the  ice-breakers,  and  along  the  base,  next  to 
the  water. 

The  amount  paid  to  the  Stone  Contracting  Company  for  the  beton  work 
came  to  about  $6,000.  It  would  have  cost  $40,000  to  have  rebuilt  the  piers 
for  the  new  iron  bridge,  and  thus  the  saving  was  very  large.  The  result  has 
been  very  satisfactory.  The  piers  have  stood  strains  from  the  super- 
structure which  would  have  .shaken  them  all  to  pieces  by  this  time  if  they  had 
not  been  so  protected. 


The  Warsaw  Culvert. 

Although  the  Erie  Bail  way  runs  much  of  the  way  through  a rocky 
country,  few  of  the  stones  found  along  its  line  stand  the  weather.  Many  of 
the  culverts,  abutments,  and  piers  have,  therefore,  been  eaten  into  by  the 
elements,  and,  in  the  course  of  years,  not  a few  have  been  replaced  by  new 
structures. 

When  .such  culverts  are  under  heavy  embankments,  their  renewal  involves 
the  great  expense  and  risk  of  digging  them  out,  carrying  the  track  upon 
temporary  works,  and  rebuilding  a new  culvert  and  embankment  under  the 
trains. 

In  1875  there  was  such  a culvert  near  Warsaw,  on  the  Buffalo  Division, 
which  threatened  to  fall  into  ruins.  It  was  146  feet  long,  fourteen  feet  in 
clear  opening,  and  under  an  embankment  sixty  feet  in  height.  The  frosts 
had  gnawed  its  bench  walls  and  ring  stones  until  they  had  become  an  irregu- 
lar mass  of  crumbling  flakes,  which  came  down  with  the  slightest  touch. 
Some  of  the  stones  were  entirely  gone,  leaving  cavities  from  three  to  six  feet 
long,  and  extending  back  from  one  to  three  feet  from  the  original  face. 

This  culvert  was  more  or  less  injured  throughout  its  whole  length,  and 
hung  together,  apparently,  from  the  force  of  habit  in  those  natural  arches 
which  form  with  time  in  thoroughly  set  tied  embankments.  It  would  have 
cost  about  $36,000  to  have  digged  it  out  and  replaced  it  with  a new  stiucture, 
as  had  bee  n done  during  the  previous  j-ear  with  a similar  culvert  upon  the 
Western  Division;  when  the  contractor  for  the  beton  process  offered  to  put  a 
new  face  on  the  matter  for  $2,200.  In  view  of  the  results  already  accom- 
plished at  Portage,  the  offer  was  accepted. 


16 


I'itr.  ‘J.  Wai'saw  Ciilvcit. 


One  week  after  tlie  coinpleiiou  of  iLe  work  the  centres  were  struck;  and 
when  removed,  together  with  tlie  lagging,  the  inside  of  the  culvert  pre- 
sented a hard  smooth  surface  (except  tlie  saw  marks  and  joints  in  the  lagging 
plank,  which  had  heen  faithfully  moulded  h}’  the  betou),  and  the  work  appeared 
to  be  entirely  impervious  to  water. 

A photogtaph  of  the  end  of  this  culvert  will  be  found  reproduced  in 
Figure  2.  A is  the  original  arch,  and  15  the  beton  lining,  which  has  thus  far 
stood  perfectly. 

It  was  thought,  however,  that  perhaps  the  winter  of  187o  had  been  too 
mild  to  test  the  material  severely,  and  that  another  season  would  bring 
different  results,  and  .show  some  defects  or  weak  points  in  this  method  of 
■saving  money  in  the  repairs  of  masonry.  No  further  work  of  this  kind  wa.s, 
therefore,  done  in  1870.  and  in  the  spring  of  1877  a new  examination  was 
made  of  the  War.saw  culvert  to  detect  any  possible  injury.  None  whatever 
was  found,  but  it  was  then,  and  is  now,  after  a winter  as  severe  as  heart  could 
wish,  as  perfect  as  when  originally  built. 


Tue  Clifton  Culvekt. 

In  the  spring  of  1877  it  w’as  reported  that  a culvert  at  Clifton,  13  miles 
from  Jersey  City,  needed  to  be  rebuilt.  It  had  originally  been  constructed  of 


17 


red  sandstooe  from  the  quarries  in  the  viciuily,  and  was  not  onl}'  dilapidated 
and  peeled  by  the  weather,  imt  it  had  settleil  upon  its  foundation,  so  that  it 
was  in  a veiy  dislocated  and  disjointed  condition.  Its  wing  vvalls  had  parted 
from  its  main  walls,  the  parapet  liad  been  pushed  out  by  the  thiust  of  the 
earth  so  that  it  partly  overhung  the  arch,  and,  singular  to  relate,  it  being 
under  a shallow  hank,  the  vibrations  of  the  trains  acting  upon  the  earth  that 
pressed  against  the  culvert  had  actually  lengthened  it,  so  that  its  barrel  was 
two  feet  longer  than  originally  built.  We  know  this  to  be  a fact,  for  we 
found  the  original  record  plan,  we  measured  the  culvert  carefully,  and  found 
enough  openings  in  the  joints  fully  to  make  uji  the  two  feet  it  had  lengthened. 

It  would  have  cost  §6,000  to  have  rebuilt  this  culvert  but  a contract  was 
made  to  repair  it  for  §600.  This  was  done  by  lining  it  with  an  inside  ring  of 
beton,  4 inches  thick,  rammed  into  all  tliQ  crevices  and  joints,  and  building 


Fia'.  3.  Clifton  Culvert. 

beton  buttresses  at  the  ends,  to  prevent  any  further  creeping  away  of  the 
structure  from  under  the  trains.  The  success  lias  been  complete,  and  the 
culvert  is  now  as  good  as  new.  A geometrical  end  view  of  lit  is  given  in 
Figure  3. 

Bekgen  Tunnel. 

jin  the  fall  of  the  same  year  it  became  necessary  to  make  some  repairs  to 
the  Bergen  Tunnel  at  .Jersey  City.  This  tunnel  is  4,316  feet  long,  and  driven 
through  trap  rock.  This,  although  veiy  hard,  and  unaffected  ly  the 
weather,  is  full  of  seams  and  faults,  and  being  entirely  unstratified,  it  comes 
down  in  blocks  of  isolated  stones,  which  set  dangerous  traps  for  the  trains. 
Some  portions  had  been  arched  from  time  to  time,  but  this  had  been  done 
with  brick,  and,  in  the  course  of  years,  alternate  freezing  and  thawing  had 
peeled  off  the  face  from  the  bricks,  generally  in  flakes  about  one  inch  thick, 
until  in  some  places  the  arching  had  been  eaten  into  for  a depth  of  eight 
inches. 


18 


It  was  decided  to  arcli  over'additional  sections,  where  the  nakeii  trap  rock 
was  badly  shattered,  and  to  leline  with  a thin  coating  of  hetcjn  another 
section  in  whicli  the  bricks  had  been  most  injured. 

This  was  done  l)y  erecting  iron  centres,  so  arranged  as  to  clear  the  trtiins, 
placing  on  the  centres  wooden  lagging  plank,  and  ramming  the  space  between 
them  and  the  face  ol  the  rock  or  brick  full  of  helon,  the  latter  being  mixed 
on  cars  in  the  tunnel. 

This  work  was  all  done  at  night,  in  order  to  have  the  least  annoyance  from 
trains  of  which'some  200  pass  thiongh  every  twenty -four  hours. 


Fiff.  4.  Uerifen  Tunnel. 

Figure  4 represents  a section  of  iliat  poition  of  llie  tunnel  in  which  the 
beton  was  applied  to  the  rock.  When  an  infiltration  of  water  was  struck,  in 
order  to  drain  it,  and  prevent  the  formation  of  stalactites  of  ice  which  hang 
down  (and  fall  down)  every  winter  from  the  rock,  drain  tubes  were  left  in  the 
beton  by  inserting  hollow  blocks  made  at  the  factory. 

The  work  w'as  successfully  acci  mplislied,  and  has  stood  perfectly  ever 
since. 


Buffalo  Dfvision  Culverts. 

Thoroughly  convinced  by  these  successes,  a further  contract  was  made  in 
1878  to  repair,  by  the  same  means,  a number  of  culverts  on  the  Buffalo 
Division,  which  were  getting  into  the  same  condition  as  the  one  at  Warsaw, 
which  I have  described. 

The  following  is  a list  of  them: 


19 


No.  of  Culvert. 

Length  in  Feet. 

Span  in  Feet. 

Crown  of  Arch 
to  Foundation. 

Feet. 

Height  of  Em- 
bankment, Base 
of  Kail  to  Bed 
of  Stream. 

Feet. 

80 

147 

10 

17 

87 

3 

141 

10 

12^ 

02 

112 

118 

6 

7 

72 

100 

o 

o 

6 

9 

39 

4 

112 

10 

13 

63 

77 

52 

6 

10 

28 

101 

463^ 

5 

8 

24 

104 

52 

5 

8 

24 

105 

46 

5 

8 

24 

49 

65 

6 

9 

33 

51 

87 

5 

8 

32 

54 

71 

6 

9 

34 

73 

117 

6 

8 

48 

Tliese  13  culverts,  which  had  been  built  in  1851-52,  had  been  nursed  for 
some  years,  and  exhibited  all  the  ills  to  which  masonry  is  subject  in  its  old 
age.  The  stones  were  disintegrated,  portions  had  caved  in,  the  foundations 
were  undermined,  the  bench  walls  were  broken-backed,  the  arches  were 
distorted,  and  the  ends  and  parapet  walls  were  thrust  out.  These  were 
repaired  with  appropriate  doses  of  beton. 

Figures  5 and  6 show  the  end  of  culvert  No.  101,  and  Figures  7 and  8 the 
end  of  culvert  No.  4,  before  and  after  repair. 

I regret  that  I cannot  show  you  also  photographs  of  the  interior  of  those 
culverts,  to  exhibit  their  other  defects.  These  were  much  worse  than  those 
shown. 


20 


Fit?.  ■>.  Culvt-rt  101.  Itroken. 


Fifr.  6.  Culvert  101.  Kepaircd. 


21 


Fift.  8.  Culvert  4.  Hciuiired. 


22 


Fig.  9.  Culvert  80.  Repaired. 

Figure  9 shows  how  beton  buttresses  were  applied  to  culvert  No  80, 
which  is  built  ou  a slant  on  a sloping  bed  of  shale,  which  disintegrates  with 
the  weather.  An  invert,  partly  shown  in  the  cut,  was  put  in  to  prevent 
further  injury. 

Figure  10  shows  a similar  invert  in  culvert  No.  112.  The  middle  of  this 
bad  caved  in,  and  the  arch  was  distorted.  This  culvert  was  118  feet  long. 

Figure  11  shows  the  new  form  given  to  culvert  105,  in  which  the  ends 
were  down,  and  the  interior  much  injured. 

In  all  cases,  in  repairing  these  culverts,  all  the  loo.se  mortar  was  picked 
out  of  the  joints,  the  loose  flakes  of  stone  were  knocked  off,  and  the  beton 
was  rammed  into  all  the  holes  and  interstices. 

We  estimate  that  it  would  have  cost  to  dig  out  and  trestle  these  culverts, 
some  of  them  being,  as  will  be  seen  bj'  the  table,  under  embankments  from  60 
to  80  feet  deep,  and  to  have  rebuilt  them  with  new  masonry,  at,  say  $10  a 
yard,  the  sum  of  about  $80,000.  We  paid  the  co.ntractnr  for  repairing  them 
$15,112.45,  and  we  estimate  that  the  labor  of  our  carpenters,  making  and 
erecting  centres,  the  free  transportation  of  men  and  materials  over  the  road, 
etc.,  etc.,  may  have  amounted  to  ,$5,006  more,  so  that  the  aggregate  cost  to 
the  railroad  was  about  $20,000. 

The  economy  of  the  process  was,  therefore,  marked  and  monotonous.  All 
the  culverts  have  stood  ])erfectly  ever  since. 


I 


23 


Fig.  10.  Culvert  113.  Repaired. 


Fig.  11.  Culvert  10.5.  Repaired. 


24 


In  the  spring  of  1880,  tlie  two  piers  under  the  double  track  iron  bridge 
over  the  Passaic  Kiver,  at  West  Paterson,  were  reported  as  cracking  open  and 
falling  asunder.  The\’  were  founded  upon  cribs,  resting  on  the  sandy  bottom 
of  the  river,  and  the  settling  of  the  cribs,  together  with  the  jarring  of  the 
trains,  was  shaking  the  piers  to  pieces.  It  would  have  cost  $12,000,  and  have 
involved  some  risk,  to  have  rebuilt  them  under  the  bridge.  After  careful 
consideration  and  discussion,  it  was  decided  to  envelop  them  entirely  in  a 
shell  of  beton  f rom  4 to  12  inches  thick.  For  this  purpose  wooden  frames, 
planked  inside,  were  erected  at  a suitable  distance  off,  all  around  the  pier, 
and  the  space  between  the  planks  and  the  stones  was  rammed  full  of  beton. 
A coat  4 inches  thick  was  also  put  on  top,  the  whole  enclosing  six  iron 
rods,  three  on  a side,  which  had  been  temporarily  put  around  the  pier,  to 
keep  it  from  tumbling  apart  while  its  permanent  repair  was  under  discussion. 


Fig-,  12.  West  Paterson  lJii<lge. 

The  cost  has  been  .$0,000,  and  it  is  confidently  believed  that  the  piers  are 
now  good  for  many  years.  The  results  have  been  entirely  satisfactory. 
Large  sums  of  money  have  been  saved,  not  a single  failure  has  occurred,  and 
the  repaired  works  seem  likely  to  endure  as  long  as  if  originally  built  of  sound 
stone. 

It  is  believed  that  the  methods  which  have  been  described  ate  capable  of 
still  further  adaptation  and  extension.  Existing  structures,  the  rebuilding  of 
which  would  seriously  interfere  with  the  continued  use  of  a road,  canal,  or 
edifice,  can  be  repaired  with  beton,  as  has  been  shown,  without  interference 
with  the  traffic,  at  a cost  of  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  tin?  expense  of  a 
new  work.  This  can  also  be  done  very  rapidly,  six  thousand  cubic  feet'of 


25 


beton,  or  over  two  liuudred  cubic  yards,  liaving,  in  soine  instances,  been  put 
in  in  a single  day,  so  that  engineers  who  may  adopt  this  method  of  repairing 
masonry  may  be  certain  of  saving  both  time  and  money. 


Beton  Dam  aiul  Kiver-bed  lilted  with  Beton,  Portage,  N.  Y. 
O.  Chanute,  C.  E. 


Since  the  foregoing  paper  was  written  by  Mr.  Chanute,  considerable  work 
has  been  done  on  the  Erie  Road  b3'  the  same  process.  Among  other  work, 
the  filling  in  ofjbe  first  Fall  of  the  Genesee  River  with  beton,  a cut  of 
which  is  shown;  an  arch  at  Cuba,  N.  Y. ; a bridge  at  Lanesboro’,  Pa.; 
two  culverts  at  Blauveltville,  besides  other  work,  and  with  equally  satisfac- 
tory results. 


26 


O.  Chanute,  C.  E. 


Erie  Railway. 


27 


Erie  Eaihvay. 


Erie  Railway. 


28 


Krie  l{uilway. 


Erie  Itiiihvuj’ 


29 


Erie  Knilway. 


Culvert,  Erie  Kuihvny. 


30 


Ulauvelt\  ille  Ari-h  lu-fore  Heiuiir. 


< 

I 


Bridge,  F.iie  Uuilway,  Blaiiveltville  Arch. 


The  following  are  the  claims  of  the 

COIGNET  AND  GOODRIDGE  PATENTS. 


These  patents  are  all  the  property  of  John  C.  Good- 
KiDGE,  Jr.,  and  all  persons  are  cautioned  against  infring- 
ing on  them.  Infringements  will  be  prosecuted. 


- 


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J • V V*».'„H’I  is  ■,,'  | . I 


. '■  '»;••!  I'f  i'/t4)'  f‘'>ify‘r4  .‘■' ■ti*'  "(■■<■''•] 

4 ’ . 

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33 


United  States  Patent  Office. 

John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Improoeinents  in  Methods  of  Repairing  Structures  wit'i  Beton  or  Concrete, 

Specification  forming  part  of  Letters  Patent  No.  103,805,  dated  August 
7,  1877;  application  filed  !Marcli  21,  1877. 


To  all  ichom  it  may  concern: 

Be  it  known  that  I,  John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
and  State  of  New  York,  have  invented  a new  and  useful  Method  of  Repair- 
ing Structures  with  Beton  or  Concrete;  and  I hereby  declare  that  the  follow- 
ing is  a full  and  exact  description  thereof,  reference  being  made  to  the  plate 
which  accompanies  and  forms  a part  of  this  specification. 

This  invention  relates  to  the  repairing,  strengthening,  replacing,  protec- 
tion, and  preservation  of  structures  formed  wholl.y  or  in  part  of  stone,  brick, 
metal,  or  of  rock  in  its  natural  position,  by  the  employment  of  Beton  or 
Concrete.  Repairs  may  become  necessary  from  imperfect  construction, 
disintegration,  oxidation,  friction,  pressure,  or  concussion. 

The  material  to  which  the  Beton  is  to  be  applied  should  first  be  carefully 
cleaned,  the  joints  thoroughly  raked  out,  and  all  loose  fragments  removed. 
It  should  then  be  washed  with  a mixture  of  lime  and  water  and  a small 
quantity  of  cement.  This  assists  the  Beton  in  forming  a bond.  Care  should 
be  taken  that  no  uuslaked  lime  gets  into  the  work.  Moulds  of  wood  or 
metal,  or  a wall  of  masonry,  is  then  placed,  and  firmly  fastened  and  braced, 
at  a distance  from  the  old  structure  or  material  decided  upon  as  the  proper 
thickness  of  the  Beton.  This  mould  is  then  filled  with  Beton,  layer  by  layer, 
and  thoroughly  rammed  and  forced  into  all  joints,  crevices,  irregularities, 
and  inequalities  of  surface.  This  process  is  continued  until  the  Beton  is 
carried  as  high  as  necessary.  After  the  Beton  has  set,  which  will  be  in  from 
two  to  ten  days,  the  moulds  may  be  removed. 


Fig-.  1.  Fig.  3. 


34 


Fig.  2. 

103,866. 

Fig.  1 sbovrs  a retaining  wall.  A,  thrust  out  of  alignment  by  the  bank  B. 
The  Beton  mass  C is  joined  to  the  wall  A in  the  manner  described,  and  A 
and  C form  a wall  whieh  is  stable,  and  capable  of  supporting  the  thrust  of 
the  bank.  Fig.  2 shows  an  arch,  A,  strengthened  by  the  Beton  lining  B.  A 
mould  is  placed  in  the  arch,  and  at  a proper  distance  from  it.  The  space 
between  the  areh  and  the  mould  is  then  carefully  filled  with  Beton.  This 
attaches  itself  to  the  arch  and  fills  all  joints  and  irregularities,  so  that  water 
cannot  get  between  it  and  the  old  structure.  A new  structure  may  be  made 
by  first  placing  a lining  of  Beton,  and  then  placing  the  stone  or  other  mate- 
rial upon  that.  When  the  top  of  an  arch  to  be  repaired  is  accessible  it  may 
be  uncovered,  all  old  filling  removed,  and  the  Beton  placed  upon  the  old 
structure,  using  it  as  a mould.  Fig.  3 shows  a method  of  replacing  a founda- 
tion, A being  the  tower-wall  or  pier,  C the  foundation  which  is  to  be 
replaced,  and  D a firm  soil  or  rock  below,  to  which  it  is  desirable  to  transfer 
the  weight.  Should  the  old  foundation  C be  very  uncertain,  the  buttress  B 
should  first  be  made  of  Beton.  Section  1 of  C is  then  removed,  and  replaced 
with  Beton  ; next,  section  3,  and  so  alternately.  Then  return  to  2 and  4;  or 
they  may  be  taken  in  regular  order,  if  time  is  allowed  between  each  replace- 
ment for  the  Beton  to  harden.  In  this  manner  any  structure  or  its  founda- 
tion may  be  replaced,  section  by  seclion.  The  Beton,  completely  filling  the 
space  occupied  by  the  material  removed,  prevents  any  settling,  and  allows 


35 


tbe  structure  to  be  used  for  tlie  purposes  for  wliicb  it  was  constructed 
during  tlie  time  occupied  by  its  repair.  If  tbe  surface  of  the  structure  is 
deteriorating,  or  not  strong  enough,  from  any  cause,  or  if  water,  getting 
inside,  separates  its  component  parts,  as  happens  particularly  in  river  piers 
and  abutments,  it  may  be  entirely  encased  in  Beton,  and  its  whole  surface 
covered. 

I do  not  claim  as  new  the  building  of  new  structures  entirely  of  Beton  or 
Concrete,  or  the  backing  of  new  structures  having  a stone  face,  or  of  plas- 
tering of  masonry  by  nteans  of  trowels  and  floats,  as  is  done  in  mastic  work. 

What  I claim  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent,  is — 

The  within  described  method  of  repairing  and  replacing  structures 
formed  wdiolly  or  in  part  of  stone,  brick,  or  metal,  or  rock  in  its  natural 
position,  by  the  employment  of  Beton  or  Concrete,  substantially  in  the 
manner  set  forth. 


36 


John  C.  Goodhidge,  Jr.,  of  New  Yoik,  N.  Y. 

Improvement  in  Manufacture  of  Beion. 

Specificatiou  foiruiag  part  of  Letters  Patent  No.  194-,086,  dated  August 
14,  1877;  application  filed  June  5,  1877. 


To  all  whom  it  may  concern  : 

Be  it  known  that  I,  John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
in  the  county  of  New  York  and  State  of  New  York,  have  invented  a new 
and  useful  Improvement  in  ^Manufacture  of  Betou,  of  which  the  following  is 
a specification : 

The  nature  of  this  invention  consists  in  a special  mode  of  preparing 
cement  and  mixing  it  with  sand  and  a specified  quantity  of  water,  and  their 
manipulation  in  such  manner  as  to  make  a beton  or  concrete  which  shall  he 
more  uniform  in  cotnposition  and  stronger  than  any  heretofore  made,  and 
without  the  unsightlj'  and  itijurious  checks  and  ctHoresceuce  whicli  appear  iu 
all  previous  combinations  of  sand  and  cement. 

In  the  method  now  employed  of  making  heton  or  concrete,  cement  and 
sand  are  used  without  previously  preptiring  the  cement.  In  the  Coignet 
methods  sufficient  water  only  is  added  to  make  a plastic  pulverulent  paste. 
This  does  not  contain  sufficient  water  to  form  hydrates,  unless  lime  enters 
largely  into  the  composition,  iu  which  case  the  moisture  held  by  the  lime  is 
taken  up  by  the  cement  during  its  crystallization,  the  lime  absorbing  its 
moisturi-  trom  the  air  ; but  lime  in  a large  quantity  weakens  the  beton,  from 
having  but  ;i  low  adhesive  power  in  comparison  with  cement.  Neither  is  it 
able  to  withstand  the  action  of  water  or  til  for  underground  work,  as  it  does 
not  become  hard  when  kept  constantly  damp,  nor  does  it  become  hard  in  the 
interior  of  large  monoliths  when  it  is  removed  from  the  effects  caused  by  the 
atmosphere. 

In  the  other  and  ordinary  methods  a larger  quantity  of  water  is  used, 
sufficient  to  make  a semi  liquid  mass  that  will  fiow.  This  excess  of  water  is 
forced  out  of  the  concrete  by  the  contraction  of  the  cement  during  its  crystal- 
lization, and  leaves  the  stone  porous.  It  also  prevents  the  proper  ramming  of 
the  beton,  and  gives  rise  to  -ihe  difficulty  known  as  " laitance”  hereinafter 
described.  On  the  other  band,  a beton  containing  too  little  water  becomes 
friable. 

My  process  is  as  follow's:  When  in  the  construction  of  large  monoliths  or 
structures,  largely  underground,  the  checks  and  effiorescence  which  usually 
a^K-ar  are  not  a serious  objection.  Sand  and  cement  may  be  mixed  in  ihe 
pn'portion  of  from  three  to  six  parts  of  sand  to  one  of  cement.  This  may 
Ije  done  by  means  of  machinery  or  b}'  hoes,  shovels,  and  rakes.  During  this 
process  water  is  added  by'  means  of  a hose  or  watering-pot  having  a rose  jet. 


37 


Tlie  water  is  ndtled  gradually  until  tlie  sand  and  oenient  contains  so  raucli 
that  a handful  cf  the  hetou  wdl,  if  tightly  squeezed,  allow  a liitle  water  to 
exude,  but  will,  when  laid  down,  still  retain  the  iuipicssion  of  the  hand. 
The  heton  so  mixed  will  liave  about  the  consistence  of  melting  snow.  It  can 
be  compacted  in  the  same  way,  and  pressure  will  force  the  moisture  out  of  it. 
This  condition,  though  difficult  to  describe,  is  learned  at  sight  by  the  work- 
men, and  the  correct  amount  of  water  is  more  accurately  gauged  bj’  trying 
the  bcton  from  time  to  time  in  the  hand  during  its  mixture  (as  it  varies  in 
different  cements)  than  can  be  done  by  any  rule  of  measurement.  The  beton 
is  then  placed  in  position  and  rammed,  as  described  below. 

The  quantity  of  water  thus  gauged  will  be  enough  to  form  hydrates,  in 
combination  with  the  componetits  of  the  cement , leaving  no  excess  to  be 
forced  out  during  crystallization,  and  does  not  prevent  the  proper  ramming 
of  the  beton,  while  there  is  not  sufficient  to  cause  laitance.  But  to  obtain  a 
perfect  result  where  a finished  surface  is  requisite,  and  to  make  a beton  free 
from  the  deleterious  ingredients  that  are  found  in  all  cements,  and  to  insure 
the  use  of  a proper  quantit}’  of  w'ater,  I proceed  as  follows:  Having 
obtained  the  heaviest  slow-setting  cement,  the  first  step  in  this  process  is  to 
separate  from  it  the  light,  earthy  impurities — the  uucombined  lime  and  clay 
and  the  soluble  salts.  This  can  be  done  to  a consitlerable  extent  by  a regu- 
lated current  of  air  being  driven  against  the  cement  while  falling  from  a 
height,  and  in  a proper  enclosure;  or  it  can  be  done  by  revolving  screens,  or 
by  means  of  a centrifugal  mill;  and  I claim  these  methods  to  be  equivalents 
of  the  following.  But  the  metliod  which  I prefer,  and  recommend  as  much 
more  [)erfect,  is  to  allow  the  cement  to  fall  slowly  into  a box  filled  and  con- 
stantly fed  by  a stream  of  water,  the  entrance  of  which  is  preferably  near 
the  bottom  of  the  box.  One  side  of  the  box  is  lower  than  the  others,  for  the 
overflow  of  the  water.  Wliern  a constant  stream  of  water  cannot  be  had,  the 
result  may  be  obtained  by  agitating  the  cement  with  water  in  a svvinging  box 
or  other  convenient  way,  pouring  off  the  water,  and  sujjplying  its  place  with 
fresh  water  from  lime  to  time. 

A box  maj"  be  placed  in  and  on  the  bottom  of  the  larger  box  to  collect  the 
cement  as  it  settles.  The  portion  thus  jireserved  consists  of  the  lieav}^  gritty 
and  inactive  parts  of  the  cement,  which  is  without  adhesive  power,  and 
which  acts  simply  as  so  much  sand.  This  equals  about  ten  pei-  cent,  of  the 
whole  mass  of  cement. 

Cements  containing  a larger  amount  than  usual  of  this  gritty  portion 
may,  when  mixed  pure,  stand  a high  test,  but  will  not  bear  a large  admixture 
of  sand.  With  this  gritty  part  settles  the  true  cement,  which  we  call  the 
“ matrix.”  This  is  that  portion  which  is  capable  of  crystallization  or  hydro- 
silicatization,  called  “.setting.”  This  portion  of  the  cement  is  the  only  one 
of  value,  and  is  about  eighty  per  cent,  of  it. 

The  third  or  lighter  portion,  which  is  washed  away  with  the  overflowing 
water,  consists  of  impurities,  light  earthy  matter,  iincombiued  lime  and  clay, 
and  soluble  salts.  This  portion  of  the  cement  is  entirely  without  adhesive 
power,  and,  when  sepaiated  from  the  other  portions  of  the  cement  acts  in 
all  respects  like  the  impure  and  dirty  clays.  When  dry  it  shrivels  and  con- 


38 


tracts,  and  wlifii  wet  expands  and  becomes  slippery.  This  portion  of  tlie 
cement  is  the  cause  of  the  uusishtly  checks,  and  what  appear  to  be  cracks 
but  which  are  simply  projections  of  this  earthy  poi’tion,  which,  by  its  own 
action  in  contracting  and  expanding,  and  the  cryslallization  of  tin;  cement, 
has  become  separated  from  it.  With  this  earthy  portion  the  alkaline  salts, 
consisting  mainly  of  soda  and  potash,  escape.  This  is  the  portion  that  causes 
the  efflorescence  or  white  appearance  on  ttie  stone  as  heretofore  made,  and 
also  what  is  known  as  laitance  on  concrete  laid  in  water. 

The  light,  earthy,  and  soluble  portions  having  been  removed  from  tl)e 
cement,  the  supply  of  water  is  turned  off,  and  it  is  all  allowed  to  escape  from 
the  wash  box 

The  cement,  freed  from  its  deleterious  portions,  and  being  thus  saturated  ' 
or  supplied  with  the  proper  amount  of  water,  is  thoroughly  n)ixed  by  ma- 
chinery', or  by  means  of  shovels,  hoes,  or  rakes,  with  clean,  dry,  sharp  sand, 
in  the  proportions  of  from  three  to  six  parts  of  sand  to  one  of  cement, 
according  to  the  strength  desired. 

The  beton  I bus  mixed  is  rammed  into  position,  layer  by  layer,  with  a 
pounder,  having  knobs  or  projections  to  make  an  irregular  face.  The  irregu- 
larities made  by  the  pounder  on  the  top  of  the  layer  leaves  it  rough,  for  the 
belter  bonding  of  the  succeeding  layers. 

During  the  process  of  ramming  or  compacting,  large  stones  of  suitable 
shape  to  form  a good  bond  may  lie  puflnto  the  mould  or  mass,  and  the  beton 
rammed  around  and  between  them,  the  stones  not  being  allowed  to  come  in 
direct  contact  with  each  other.  This  gives  stronger  work  and  allows  more 
thorough  ramming  and  the  use  of  larger  stones  than  where,  in  the  usual  way', 
broken  stone  is  mixed  with  the  sand  and  cement  before  being  put  into  the 
mould  or  mass. 

The  phenomenon  of  laitance  is  one  of  the  gravest  difficulties  besetting  the 
laying  of  concrete  under  water.  It  is  caused  by  the  impurities  hereinbefore 
set  forth.  When  the  concrete  is  mixed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  so  as  to  form 
a semi-liquid  mass,  the-e  impurities  rise  to  the  top  of  the  lay  er  in  position, 
gradually  subside,  and  deposit  an  unctuous  stratum.  Thus  between  each 
new  lay'er  of  the  concrete  is  interposed  a slippery  layer,  utterly  preventing 
any  union  or  bond  between  the  layers  of  concrete,  and  very  seriously  impair- 
ing the  solidity  and  strength  of  the  structure.  The  former  of  my  processes 
prevents  this,  .since  the  beton  is  sufficiently  dry  to  prohibit  any  movement  of 
its  component  parts.  The  second  modification  of  the  proce.ss  prevents  it  for 
the  same  reason,  and  because  the  impurities  forming  the  laitarux  are  them- 
selves eliminated. 

I do  not  claim  as  new  the  mixing  of  sand  and  cement  with  sufficient  water 
to  form  a pulverulent  pasty'  powder,  nor  a mixture  of  sand  and  cement  and 
water  sufficient  to  form  a semi-li(iuid  mass,  as  in  ordinary  concretes. 

Having  thus  described  and  limited  my  invention,  what  I do  claim  is: 

1.  As  a new  manufacture,  a beton  formed  of  sand  and  cement,  mixed 
with  water  to  the  point  of  satuiation,  substantially  as  hereinbefore  set  forth. 

2.  The  process  of  purifying  cement  by  separating  therefrom  the  impure, 
light,  and  earthy'  matters,  the  uncombined  lime  and  clay,  and  the  soluble 
salts,  substantially  as  hereinbefore  set  forth. 


3.  As  a new  maiuifaclurc,  a betoii  composed  of  sand  and  cement  purified, 
as  hereinbefore  set  forlli,  mixed  willi  waler  to  the  point  of  saturation. 

4.  As  a new  manufacture,  the  stone  or  monolithic  masonry  made  from  tlie 
substances  and  treated  in  tlie  mannei'  described. 

In  testimony  that  [ claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  manufacture  of 
beton,  as  above  describeii,  I have  hereunto  set  my  hand. 


Construction  and  Repair  of  Tunnels,  Culverts,  Etc. 
No.  2G2,-402.  Patentee!  August  8,  1882. 


Having  now  described  my  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to 
patent,  is: 

The  monolithic  structure  or  buttress,  C,  herein  described,  formed  by  casting 
in  proper  layers  in  a previously  made  mould  built  against  the  wall  to  be 
supported,  and  around  and  against  the  mouth  of  the  culvert,  beton  or  con- 
crete, and  then  removing  the  mould  as  soon  as  the  beton  has  set,  as  set  forth. 

In  testimony  that  I claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  construction  and 
repair  of  tunnels,  culverts,  and  the  like,  as  above  described,  I have  hereunto 
set  my  hand  this  11th  day  of  February,  1882. 


Fig.l. 

Patent  No.  262,402. 


Method  of  Repairing  Structures  with  Beton  or  Concrete. 

No.  271,234.  Patented. 


1.  The  process  herein  described  of  repairing,  undermining,  and  protecting 
different  structures  and  their  foundations,  consisting  of'  forming  trenches 
parallel  to  the  sides  on  which  it  is  desired  to  operate,  and  building  therein  a 


40 


wall  and  tbeu  runniujr  trenches  from  said  wall  to  and  under  the  foundation, 
of  the  structure  as  far  as  may  be  desired,  and  filling  the  same  with  concrete 
or  hetou,  which  will  set  therein  in  such  a manner  as  to  form,  when  the  pro- 
cess is  complete,  a monolithic  foundation,  substantially  as  described. 

2.  The  process  of  repairing  and  protecting  structures,  consisting  in  first 
building  a circums  crihing  wall  of  beton  in  a previously  dug  trench  situated  a 
a suitable  distance  from  the  sides  of  the  structure,  then  building  a butties 
between  such  wall  and  the  structure,  in  order  to  protect  the  structure  while 
the  other  repairs  are  being  accomplished,  as  set  forth. 

3.  The  within  described  method  of  increasing  the  bulk  and  weight  of 
structures  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  beton,  concrete,  or  like  materials 
and  economizing  in  the  use  of  the  same,  by  embedding  therein  hollow  forms 
filled  with  broken  stone,  earth,  or  other  heavy  and  cheap  material. 


Imprai'ement  in  Methods  of  Laying  Concrete  under  Water. 

Specificationjforming  part  of  Letters  Patent  No.  188,123,  dated  March  6, 
1877;  application  filed  January  29,  1877. 


To  all  whom  it  may  concern  ; 

Be  it  known  that  I,  John  C.  Goodkidge,  Jb.,  of  the  city  of  New'  York, 
county  of  New  York,  State  of  New  York,  have  in'sented  a new  and  useful 
Improvement  in  the  Method  of  Layirg  Concrete  under  Water;  and  1 hereby 
declare  that  the  following  is  a full  and  exact  description  thereof,  which  will 
enable  others  skilled  in  the  art  to  do  the  same. 


41 


III  the  ordinary  method  employed  in  laying  concrete  under  water,  it  has 
been  considered  necessary  to  use  broken  stone  and  coarse  gravel  with  cement. 
Tliis  material  thus  mixed  has  been  thrown  directly  on  the  water,  which  was 
enclosed  to  prevent  washing  away  the  cement,  or  has  been  dumped  from 
boxes  prepared  for  the  purpose. 

I have  found,  by  repeated  experiment,  that  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  a 
good  lesult  from  such  a mixture.  The  varying  velocitj'  with  which  bodies 
fall  through  water  is  owing  to  their  different  specific  gravities.  If  stone  of  a 
specific  gravity  of  3'5  are  used  with  a cement  of  r4,  the  stone  is  in  its  descen- 
washed  entirely  free  from  the  cement,  and  is  deposited  on  the  bottom,  while 
the  cement,  held  in  partial  suspension,  and  moved  every  new  addition  of 
the  mixture,  is  finally  deposited  above  the  stone  and  gravel,  after  being 
rendered  inert  by  the  washing  of  the  watei-. 

My  improvement  consists,  first,  in  rendering  the  water  (which  is  enclosed 
in  water  tight  compartments  or  cotfer-dams,  to  prevent  any  motion  or  current 
that  may  allow  the  escape  of  the  concrete)  strongl}'  alkaline  by  the  addition 
of  a sufficient  quantity  of  air-slaked  lime.  This  renders  the  water  less 
apt  to  hold  the  cement  in  suspension,  and  causes  a more  immediate  precipita- 
tion of  the  cement.  It  also  causes  the  concrete  to  attach  itself  the  more 
firmly  to  adjoining  masonry;  second,  sand,  clean,  sharp,  and  of  fine  grain,  is 
selected,  and  as  near  as  possible  of  the  same  specific  gravity  as  the  cement, 
which  is  about  1'4,  and  weighing  about  eighty-eight  pounds  to  the  cubic 
foot,  and  caiefully  mixed  with  cement. 

A good  i)roportian  for  general  use  is  three  parts  of  sand  to  one  of  cement, 
the  proportion  may  be  varied,  depending  on  the  strength  of  the  cement.  In 
this  proportion  it  requires  4 25  cubic  feet  of  dry  cement  and  13'75  cubic  feet 
of  dry  sand  to  make  10  cubic  feet  of  concrete,  measured  after  being  laid  in 
place.  The  sand  and  cement  are  then  mixed  with  water.  Sutficient  is  added 
to  make  it  thinner  tlian  is  used  in  the  plastic  betous,  yet  not  watery  or  this 
enough  to  run,  as  used  in  ordinary  concrete. 

A quantity  of  this  mixture  should  then  be  placed  on  an  incline,  where  it 
should  be  allowed  to  lie  for  a short  time  until  the  cement  has  formed  a slight 
bond  with  the  sand — five  or  ten  minutes — varying  with  the  quickness  of  the 
setting  of  the  cement,  and  then  the  whole  mass  should  be  allowed  to  slide 
slowly  down  the  incline  or  inclines,  the  bottom  of  which  should  be  placed 
in  the  water,  and  the  concrete  evenly  distributed  by  any  suitable  means. 

A large  mass  should  bn  collected  before  deposiiing,  in  which  case  the 
greater  portion  of  the  concrete  does  not  come  in  contact  with  the  water. 
Succeeding  batches  are  prepared  and  deposited  in  the  same  way,  and  the 
process  is  continued  until  the  space  to  be  occupied  by  concrete  is  entirely 
filled. 

Beton  so  deposited  under  water  needs  no  ramming.  The  grains  of  sand 
close  together,  with  their  irregular  interstitial  spaces  filled  with  concrete. 

We  have  then  a homogeneous,  compact  mass,  weighing  about  one  hundred 
and  forty-four  pounds  to  the  cubic  ^foot,  and  a specific  gravity  of  about  2 3, 
and  capable  of  having  a crushing  strain  of  over  six  thousand  pounds  per 
square  inch,  and  a tensile  strength  of  over  three  hundred  pounds  per  square 
inch. 


42 


Having  thus  described  my  invention,  wLat  I claim  is  : 

The  method  of  laying  concrete  under  water,  as  herein  described,  consist- 
ing in  rendering  the  water  strongly  alkaline  by  air-slaked  lime,  and  depositing 
into  said  water  a mixture  of  sand  and  cement  by  means  of  an  incline,  substan- 
tially as  and  for  the  purpose  set  forth. 


John  C.  Goodkidge,  Jr.,  of  Xew  York,  N.  Y. 


Method  of  Repniring  with  Beton  or  Concrete. 


Patent  Xo.  317,337,  dated  May  5,  1885. 


I do  not  claim  in  this  application  the  herein  described  “process”  of  lining 
and  repairing  with  beton  and  concrete,  for  the  reason  that  I have  made  the 
said  process  the  subject  of  a separate  application  for  Letters  Patent,  which 
was  tiled  on  or  about  the  4tb  of  February,  188t{,  Serial  No.  154,948. 

Having  thus  described  ni)’  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to 
parent,  is: 

1.  The  within-described  lining  or  casing  for  tunnels,  shafts,  piers,  and 
abutments,  which  consists  of  the  frame  of  the  required  shape  placed  a suit- 
able distance  from  the  structure  to  be  strengthened,  and  the  concrete  or  beton 
so  applied  as  to  embed  the  said  frame  therein,  substantially  as  set  forth. 

2.  The  herein-described  lining  or  casing  for  tunnels,  shafts,  piers,  abut- 
ments, etc.,  which  consists  of  a frame  of  the  required  shape  placed  a suitable 
distance  from  the  structure  to  be  encased,  beton  or  concrete  so  applied  as  to 
embed  said  frame  theiein,  and  sand,  broken  stone,  or  other  cheap  material 
filled  in  between  the  beton  or  concrete  and  the  surface  encased  thereby,  sub- 
stantially as  set  forth. 

3.  In  a lining  or  casing  substantially  as  herein  descrilted,  the  combination, 
with  the  flame  forming  an  integral  part  thereof,  of  screw-bolts  projecting 
from  said  frame  and  provided  with  thimbles,  bearing-plates,  and  screw-nuts, 
the  whole  so  arranged  as  to  removably  secure  moulding  boards  to  said  frame 
and  at  the  required  distance  therefrom,  as  and  for  the  purpose  set  forth. 

In  testimonj' that  I claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  the  method  of 
repairing  or  building  with  beton  or  concrete,  as  above  described,  I have  here- 
unto set  my  hand  this  21st  day  of  August,  1884. 


43 


Ctfo  ModeL)  2 Sheets— Sheet  1, 

J.  0.  GOODEIDGE,  Jr. 

METHOD  OP  REPAmUQ  WITH  BETON  OE  CONOEEIE. 

No.  317.337.  Patented  May  5,  1886. 


^ ' ATTOENEI 


44 


(NaHIodeL) 


J,  C.  GOODRIDGE,  Jr. 


2 Sheets— Sheet  2. 


METHOD  OF  MPAIBINO  WITH  BETOH  OR  CONOEETE. 


45 


John  C.  Goodkidge,  Ju.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Process  of  Vonstruciion  and  Repair  with  Beton  or  Concrete. 

Speciti(;atioii  forming  part  of  Letters  Patent  No.  317,338,  dated  May  5, 

1885. 

Application  filed  February  4,  1885.  (No  model.) 


Having  thus  desciibed  iny  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to 
patent,  is: 

1.  The  process  of  repairing,  lining,  or  encasing  tunnels,  shafts,  piers, 
abutments,  or  other  structures,  which  consists  in,  first,  constructing  a frame 
of  the  required  shape,  a suitable  distance  from  the  structure  to  be  strengthened; 
next,  securing  the  moulding  boards  to  said  frame  and  then  filling  in  the  beton 
or  concrete  behind  srxid  moulding  boards,  embedding  their  supporting  frame, 
substantially  in  the  manner  set  forth. 

3.  The  within  described  process  of  lining  or  encasing  tunnels,  shafts,  and 
like  structures  with  beton  or  concrete,  consisting  of  erecting  a suitable  frame- 
work, attaching  a double  layer  of  lagging  thereto,  filling  between  said  lagging 
and  around  said  frame-work  with  beton  or  concrete,  and  filling  the  space 
between  the  lagging  and  the  natural  rock  or  the  body  to  be  re-enforced 
with  sand,  broken  stones,  or  other  cheap  material. 

In  testimony  that  I claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  processes  of  con- 
struction and  repair  with  beton  or  concrete,  as  above  described,  I have  here- 
unto set  my  hand  this  14th  day  of  January,  1885. 


46 


JoHK  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Process  of  and  Device  for  the  Construction  and  Repair  of  Ivnvids  and  Shafts. 
Patent  No.  303,500,  dated  August  12,  1884. 

Application  filed  Januaiy  2,  1884.  (No  model.) 


47 


Having  now  described  niy  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to 
secure  by  Letters  Patent,  is: 

1.  The  within-described  process  of  lining  tunnels  and  shafts  with  beton 
or  masonry  in  the  presence  of  intiltrating  water,  consisting  of  erecting  a 
water-tight  lagging  within  the  tunnel  or  shaft,  substantially  parallel  to  and  at 
any  desired  distance  from  the  interior  thereof,  filling  the  space  so  formed 
with  beton  or  masonry,  allowing  said  lagging  to  remain  in  position  until  said 
beton  or  the  cement  in  which  the  masonry  is  laid  has  set,  and  then  removing 
said  lagging. 


48 


2.  The  combination,  ■with  a tunnel  or  shaft  lining,  of  one  or  more  wafer 
bars  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  and  localizing  the  discharge  of  infiltrating 
■water,  substantially  a«  described. 

‘i.  The  coml)iu<ition,  with  a tunnel  or  shaft  lining,  of  one  or  more  waste 
water  discharge-pipes  inserted  through  said  lining  at  the  point  of  infiltration, 
or  above  that  point,  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  or  leading  away  infiltrating 
water,  substantial!}'  as  described. 

4.  The  combination,  with  a tunnel  or  shaft  lining,  of  one  or  more  waste 
water  discharge-pipes  inserted  through  said  lining  at  the  point  of  infiltration, 
and  above  one  or  more  water  bars,  substantially  as  and  for  the  purpose  set 
forth. 

5.  The  within-described  method  of  embedding  pipes  for  the  discharge  of 
infiltrating  water  in  beton  or  masonry  structures,  consisting  of  wrapping 
pervious  material  around  one  end  of  said  pipe,  placing  the  pipe  in  such 
position  that  that  end  may  be  nearl}'  in  contact  with  the  orifice  through  which 
the  water  enters,  while  the  other  or  discharge  end  projects  through  the  work, 
and  then  packing  beton  or  other  suitable  material  around  said  pijte  and  per- 
vious material,  substantially  as  described. 

In  testimony  that  I claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  the  construction 
of  tunnelsand  shafts,  as  above  described,  I have  hei'eunto  set  my  hand  this 
28tb  day  of  December,  1883. 

Patent  No.  148,818.  Dated  January  24,  1874. 


Having  thus  described  my  invention,  what  I claim  is; 

A perforated  pavement  of  artificial  stone  or  concrete,  as  described,  and 
adiipted  to  the  purposes  set  forth. 

JOHN  C.  GOODRIDGE,  Jr. 


49 


J.  C.  Goodridge,  Jr. 

Method  of  Constructing  Underground  lunnels  and  Arches. 

No.  262,403.  Patented  August  8,  1882, 

Having  now  described  my  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  de.sire  to 
patent,  is; 

The  within-described  method  of  constructing  underground  tunnels  or 
arches,  consisting  in  forming  two  or  more  trenches,  filling  the  same  with 
beton,  concrete,  or  masonry,  shaping  the  surface  of  the  earth  contiguous 
thereto,  and  over  where  it  is  proposed  the  tunnel  shall  be,  so  as  to  conform  to 
the  inner  surface  of  the  roof  of  the  proposed  tunnel  or  arch,  building  the  roof 
of  said  tunnel  or  arch  upon  said  earth,  using  the  same  to  support  the  work 
while  in  process  of  construction,  and  subsequent!}'  excavating  the  earth 
enclosed  between  said  walls  and  roof,  in  order  to  form  the  tunnel,  substantially 
as  described. 


50 


Canada. 

Patent  of  Invention  to  John  C.  Goodkidge,  Jr. 


The  present  patent  grants  to  the  said  John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  his  exe- 
cutors, administrators,  or  assigns,  for  the  period  of  fifteen  years  from  August 
25,  1882,  the  exclusive  right,  privilege,  and  liberty  of  making,  constructing, 
and  using,  and  vending  to  others  to  be  used,  the  said  invention  of  .John  C. 
Goodridge,  Jr.,  and  which  is  called  and  known  by  the  title  or  name  of 

“ Improvement  in  Methods  of  Repairing  Structures  with  Beton  or  Concrete," 

and  whereof  a short  description  is  as  follows; 

It  consists:  Isl.  In  the  method  of  repairing  structures  with  beton  or 
concrete,  by  surrounding  the  same  more  or  less  completely  with  moulds, 
leaving  an  interval  between  the  said  moulds  and  the  structure,  and  then  filling 
said  interval  with  beton  or  concrete. 

2d.  In  the  method  of  repairing  a structure  the  foundation  of  which  is 
defective,  by  surrounding  or  facing  the  defective  portions  with  a wall  placed 
at  a distance  therefrom,  and  thence  undermining  and  replacing  such  defect- 
ive foundation  piecemeal. 

3d.  In  the  method  of  repairing  a structure  and  increasing  its  bearing 
surface,  by  encasing  the  same  with  beton  or  concrete. 

4th.  In  the  method  of  repairing  a pile  bridge  and  converting  the  same  into 
a pier  bridge,  by  surrounding  said  piles  with  moulds,  and  encasing  the  same 
with  beton  or  concrete. 

5th.  In  the  method  of  filling  moulds  containing  water,  to  repair  structures 
with  beton  or  concrete  by  means  of  an  inclined  plane. 

6th.  In  the  method  of  lightening  work  formed  of  beton  or  concrete,  by 
embedding  therein,  while  in  a plastic  condition,  empty  barrels  or  boxes. 

7th.  In  the  method  of  increasing  the  mass  of  structure  formed  of  beton,  and 
economizing  in  the  use  of  the  beton  itself,  by  embedding  in  the  same,  while 
in  a plastic  condition,  barrels,  boxes,  or  the  like,  filled  with  stones  or  earth. 


Plate  of  Canada  Patent. 


51 


/7c^.4-. 


52 


J.  C.  GOODRIDGE,  Jr. 

EIlECTRIQ  wire  DECT. 

Patented  May  22, 1883. 

/^.Y. 


(no  UodelJ 

Ko.  278,233. 


53 


United  States  Patent  Office. 
John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Electric-Wire  Duct. 

Specification  forming  part  of  Letters  Patent  No.  278,283,  dated 
May  22,  1883;  application  filed  August  26,  1882.  (No  model.) 


Having  now  described  my  invention  and  the  method  of  using  the  same, 
what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to  patent,  is — 

1.  A conduit  for  electrical  wires,  consisting  of  a series  of  pockets  opening 
laterally  into  a central  aperture,  each  pocket  so  constructed  as  to  form  a 
ledge,  whereby  falling  earth  and  water  are  diverted  into  said  central  aperture 
and  thence  into  a suitable  drain,  the  whole  closed  with  a suitable  cover,  sub- 
stantially as  specified. 

2.  A conduit  for  electrical  wires,  consisting  of  a series  of  pockets  openign 
laterally  into  a central  aperture,  said  aperture  forming  at  its  bottom  a suitable 
drain,  the  said  pockets  provided  with  overhanging  ledges,  so  constructed  that 
falling  earth  and  water  is  directed  to  the  drain  below,  the  whole  closed  by  a 
cover,  substantially  as  specified. 

3.  A conduit  for  electrical  wires,  consisting  of  a receptacle  provided  with 
a series  of  poekets,  each  pocket  so  constructed  as  to  form  a ledge,  whereby 
falling  earth  and  water  are  excluded  from  the  pockets,  said  pockets  opening 
laterally  into  a central  aperture,  which  terminates  at  its  bottom  in  a drain, 
and  a guide,  F,  so  arranged  that  the  wire  to  be  laid  may  be  placed  upon  said 
guide  and  thence  directed  to  its  appropriate  pocket,  the  whole  provided  with 
a suitable  drain,  substantially  as  specified. 

In  testimony  that  I claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  electric-wire  ducts, 
as  above  described,  I have  hereunto  set  my  hand  this  14th  day  of  August, 
1882. 


John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Apparatus  for  Erecting  and  Supporting  Colossal  Structures. 

Patent  No.  289,644,  dated  December  4, 1883.  Application  filed  April  28, 

1883.  (No  model.) 

Having  thus  described  by  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to 
secure  by  Letters  Patent,  is : 

1.  The  combination,  with  the  structure  andjts  pedestal  or  pier  foundation, 
of  one  or  more  sectionally  constructed  metal  columns  or  tubes,  arranged 
within  the  structure  and  projecting  down  within  the  foundation,  and  braces 
connecting  the  structure  with  said  column  or  columns,  substantially  as 
specified. 


54 


2.  The  combination,  with  the  structure  to  be  raised,  of  the  interior  sec- 
tionally  constructed  column,  E,  arranged  with  the  structure,  the  pier  founda- 
tion or  pedestal,  G C , and  the  fixed  jack,  I,  applied  centrally  beneath  said 
column,  essentially  as  herein  described. 

3.  The  combination  of  one  or  more  sectionally  constructed  columns,  hav- 
ing certain  of  their  sections  provided  with  guides  or  projections,  to,  with  the 
rings,  «,  having  ways,  n,  the  hollow  pedestal,  C O',  and  »he  structure,  B,  to 
which  said  column  or  columns  are  secured  internally,  substantially  as 
specified. 

4.  The  combination  of  the  stationary  lifting-jack  or  device,  /,  the  section- 
ally  constructed  column  or  columns,  E,  the  hollow  pedestal,  G G',  the  mov- 
able jacks,  D D,  the  structure,  jS,  and  means  for  securing  the  column  or 
columns,  E,  to  said  structure,  B,  essentially  as  described. 

5.  The  combination,  with  a hollow  structure,  to  be  raised,  and  its  pedestal 
or  pedestal  base,  of  a lifting  support  applied  to  the  structure,  and  constructed 
of  a column,  E,  posts  or  uprights,  a®,  and  braces,  a’,  arranged  to  connect 
said  posts  with  each  other  and  with  the  tube,  substantially  as  s|)eeified. 


55 


nroMoiel.)  S Skeets— S&eet  I. 

J.  q.  GOOBEIDGB,  Jr. 

iPPAHATtrs  m EicEcznrQ- Aioj  suppoBiiNff  ooiosm  sTRtnmi'R'ESi 
No.  289,644.  Patented  Dec.  4,  1883. 


56 


rssxolel.)  6 S]uet&— SAeet  2, 

J.  q.  GOODEIDGE,  Jr. 

APPiSAIDS  roB,  mcxiHfr  AM  gupTmiTTm;  rfrr.nasAT.  siBircTraiia, 
Ne.  289,644.  Patented  Deo.  4,  188S. 


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J.  C.  GOODEIDGE,  Jr. 

/yPATtA.TI7S  EOR  EEICIIKG  AKH  SUrEOETING  OCCLOSSAl  STETTOTirREa. 
No.  289,644,  Tateiited  Deo.  4,  1883. 


TOUJESSES:  nrVEKTOE: 


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58 


(BolIflleL)  6 Bliects— Sieet  4. 

J.  C.  GOODEIDGE,  Jr. 

XPPiEAinS  EQB  EECCHHG-MD  SEPIOETIHe  OOIOSaAIi  BIKTOXUKEai 

No.  289,644  Patented  Deo.  4,  1883. 


59 


fFO  3Iodel.)  D Sh.eets— Sheet  S, 

J.  a.  GOODRIDGE,  Jr. 

APPABAIITS  EOS  XEECHHG- AM  5EEE0BIISG  CffLOSSAL  BIKITCTnEES. 

No,  289.644.  Patented  Deo.  4,  1883. 


60 


fK'o2IiJli3l)  P 6i66la-aiieet  I, 

J,  q.  GOODEIDGE,  Jr. 

fPPt-n  tTTT!;  EOS rSECIMG-  ASD  BTJPTOUCTfl.OQIOSaAIi  EXRuui'uJlllS. 

No.  289,644.  Patented  Deo.  4,  1883. 


61 


(N't)  VoBolO 


J.  C,  GOOBBIHaE,  Jr. 


2 Sboots^SlieeX^  1* 


PROCESS  or  EEEPENINQ  AND  MAIHTAIHISB  OEAHKELfl 
POR  NAVIGATIQH. 


Ha.  320,129. 


I’atBSlBd  JiLOfi  16,1883. 


6-2 


United  States  Patent  Office. 

John  C.  Goodeidge,  Jk.,  of  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Process  of  Deepening  and  Maintaining  Channels  for  Navigation. 

Specification  forming  part  of  Letters  Patent  No.  320,129,  dateii  June  18, 
1885.  Application  filed  March  5,  1885.  (No  model.) 

lo  aU  whom  it  may  concern: 

Be  it  known  that  I,  John  C.  Goodeidge,  Jb.,  of  New  York,  in  the  county 
of  New  York  and  State  of  New  York,  have  invented  a new  and  useful  Im- 
provement in  Process  for  the  Deepening  and  Maintenance  of  Channels  for 
Navigation,  of  which  the  following  is  a specification,  reference  being  had 
to  the  accompanying  drawings. 

My  invention  relates  to  the  employment  of  the  scour  of  a natural  current 
to  deepen  and  maintain  a channel  for  navigation.  When  the  bed  of  a river 
or  the  bar  of  a harbor  is  of  sand  or  other  light  material,  beneficial  result  has 
heretofore  followed  the  use  of  jetties  so  arranged  as  to  localize  the  current 
and  increase  the  rapidity  of  its  flow,  thus  scouring  out  the  sand  and  prevent- 
ing the  deposit  of  matter  suspended  in  the  water  and  borne  down  from  above. 
But  as  far  as  harbors  are  conceined  this  improvement  has  in  all  cases  been 
limited  to  those  into  which  large  rivers  flow,  and  in  which  therefore  the  dis- 
charge on  the  ebb  greatly  exceeds  the  influx  on  the  flood;  but  this  is  not  the 
case  with  tidal  harbors,  for  there  the  influx  and  efflux  are  substantially  equal. 
To  surmount  this  difficulty  in  these  cases  is  the  pnrpose  of  my  invention.  All 
action  toward  maintaining  a channel  must  be  toward  the  sea— that  is,  out- 
ward. This  I propose  to  accomplish  by  making  man}’  points  of  inlet, 
thus  obtaining  a diffuse  and  gentle  influx,  then,  by  impounding  and  em- 
baying a large  quantity  of  water,  and  so  directing  it  on  its  outward  pas- 
sage that  the  greater  portion  of  its  volume  is  directed  through  the  space 
desired  as  a chanmel,  the  conditions  existing  in  those  harbors  fed  by  large 
rivers  are  practically  reproduced,  with  a like  beneficial  effect. 

In  the  drawings.  Fig.  1 represents  the  plan  of  a harbor  to  which  my 
improvement  has  been  applied;  and  Fig.  2 a series  of  sectional  jetties,  the 
space  between  the  overlapping  ends  of  which  is  closed  by  tidal  gates. 

In  Fig.  1,  A represents  the  shore  line;  B,  the  roadstead  or  harbor;  C,  the 
ten  foot  line  of  a shoal,  and  D,  the  twenty  foot  line  of  said  shoal.  By  the 
natural  action  of  the  sea  the  shoal,  C D,  is  gradually  extended  toward  the 
point.  A',  until  the  roadstead  or  harbor,  B,  is  gradually  closed  up,  the 
shore.  A,  working  over  to  A'.  I should  meet  such  a contingency  by  inter- 
posing the  continuous  breakwater,  F,  in  the  path  of  the  motion.  Then 
from  a point  on  the  opposite  shore.  A',  I extend  a series- of  short  break- 
waters placed  nearly  parallel,  and  at  a little  distance  from  one  another  and 
at  a small  angle  with  the  channel,  the  ends  of  which  overlap,  all  as  shown 
in  Fig.  1.  The  rising  tide  then  enters  all  the  openings,  H,  the  angle  with 
which  it  impinges  on  the  jetties  directing  it  to  and  through  the  intervals. 
It  avails  itself  of  the  channel,  J,  as  well,  and  thus  a comparatively  gentle 
and  uniform  influx  is  obtained;  but  when  the  tide  turns  to  ebb,  the  currenj 


63 


would  encounter  the  jetties  at  a ditferent  augle,  and  be  in  large  measure 
deflected  by  the  openings,  H,  and  out  through  the  channel,  J.  Thus  the 
requisite  conditions  to  success — a gentle  and  general  inflow  and  a compara- 
tively rapid  and  localized  outflow — are  obtained. 

The  flood  and  ebb  tide  seldom,  if  ever,  follow  the  same  path.  Not  only 
is  this  so  as  to  the  mean  or  average  direction  of  these  currents,  but  seldom 
or  never  does  the  same  current  follow  the  same  direction  throughout  its 
duration.  For  e.xample,  let  us  refer  to  the  Atlantic  Coast  Pilot,  lis78 — 
Boston  to  New  York,  Appendix  No.  1 — Rale  and  direction  of  current  for 
each  tidal  hour  after  time  of  high  water  at  Boston  gave  as  follows:  North- 
ern Channel,  E.  by  N.;  S.  E. ; S.  E.  S. ; S.  by  E. ; S. ; W.  by  N. ; N.  W. 
by  W. ; N.  W.  by  W. ; N.  N.  ; N.  by  E.  We  find  from  that  appendix 
that  in  the  northern  channel  the  ebb  makes  an  average  direction  of  S.  by  E., 
and  that  the  flood  makes  an  average  direction  of  W.  N.  W.,  a departure  of 
60  degrees  from  a straight  line.  We  also  find  that  the  tide  moved  in  every 
direction  except  between  the  points  N.  by  E.  and  E.  by  N.,  a spaee  of  55 
degrees,  or,  in  other  words,  the  current  moved  over  an  arc  305  out  of  360 
degrees.  This  example  is  selected  at  random,  and  is  typical  of  the  universal 
action  of  tidal  currents.  Of  course  an  engineer  skilled  in  the  art  of  har- 
bor improvement  would  know  that  every  harbor  or  channel  had  its  local 
tidal  peculiarities,  and  would  make  a thorough  acquaintance  with  that  fea- 
ture of  the  problem  the  first  step.  Tlien  he  would  so  locate  bis  jetties  that  the 
incoming  flood  should  be  directed  to  and  find  easy  access  at  the  proper  inter- 
vals,{while  the  outgoing  current  would  strike  the  jetties  at  an  angle  calculated 
to  deflect  it  in  great  part  past  the  openings  to  find  an  exit  at  the  main  outlet. 

That  law  of  nature  which  compels  all  moving  bodies,  fluid  as  well  as 
solid,  to  follow  the  line  of  least  resistance  is  the  root  ot  this  matter,  for  it 
is  clear  that  if  the  ebb  follows  the  direction  of  the  arrow  in  Fig.  1,  the  cur- 
rent strikes  the  jetties  at  such  an  angle  as  to  glance  from  them,  so  to  speak; 
nor  can  it  escape  through  the  openings  between  the  jetties  to  any  important 
degree,  unless  it  returns  upon  itself — a thing  a current  never  does,  since  that 
is  the  line  of  maximum  resisrance.  Nay,  further,  if  the  outflowing  current  is 
strong,  it  will  suck  water  through  the  openings  from  without,  and  as  far  as 
the  current  at  those  special  points  is  concerned,  an  inflowing  current  will  al- 
ways appear  there  except  at  slack  water.  The  ordinary  expirator  and  in- 
spirator, the  spray  atomizers,  the  Bunsen  pump,  and  many  other  devices  are 
all  illustrations  and  embodiments  of  and  owe  their  efficiency  to  this  principle. 
It  may  be  seen  and  studied  at  any  time  by  observing  the  action  of  the  water 
at  the  sides  of  and  below  a bridge  pier  standing  in  a rapid  curienl.  The 
downward  flow  drags  away  the  water  from  behind  the  pier,  which  water 
always  is  lower  there  than  the  water  abreast  of  it,  where  the  current  is  unob- 
structed, and  a return  current  from  below  much  narrower  than  the  pier  will 
be  noticed  partially  to  supply  the  place  of  the  water  so  abstracted.  The  arti- 
cle “ Ilydronamics,”  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  8th  ed.,  vol.  xii.,  page  138, 
may  be  consulted  in  this  connection. 

In  the  preceding  description  we  have  assumed  the  action  of  the  sand  and 
deposit  to  be  following  down  the  coast  toward  the  continuous  breakwater,  F. 


64 


If  the  action  of  the  sea  drive  the  sand  directly  toward  the  harbor  from  a point 
at  right  angles  to  it,  sectional  jetties  can  be  used  on  both  sides  of  the  entrance 
and  the  continuous  jetty,  F,  be  omitted. 

The  most  advantageous  distance  between  the  detached  jetties, (their  length, 
and  their  lap  will  vary  under  different  circumstances,  depending  on  the  flow 
of  the  current  and  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide  and  local  topography. 

During  the  formation  of  the  channel,  or  when  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide 
and  consequent  current  is  feeble,  tidal  gates  may  be  used  in  the  intervals,  H, 
between  the  sectional  jetties,  D,  and  so  arranged  as  to  open  before  the  incom- 
ing and  close  before  the  outgoing  current,  thus  diiecting  'the  entire  ebb 
through  the  channel.  If  placed  as  shown  at  H',  Fig.  2,  they  will  be  protected 
from  the  violence  of  the  sea. 

It  is  obvious  that  this  method  is  equally  applicable  to  the  improvement  of  a 
harbor  into  which  a large  river  flows,  since  it  tends  to  increase  the  disparity 
already  exitsing  between  the  inward  and  outward  currents. 

In  the  case  of  a harbor  the  usefulness  of  which  has  become  seriously  im- 
paired, a beneficial  result  may  be  expedited  by  judicious  dredging. 

Having  thus  described  my  invention,  what  I claim  as  new,  and  desire  to 
patent,  is: 

1.  The  within  described  means  of  making,  improving,  or  maintaining  a 
channel  for  navigation,  consisting  of  sectional  overlapping  jetties  placed  at 
an  angle  with  the  outgoing  current,  and  so  arranged  as  to  produce  a compara- 
tively gentle  and  diffuse  current  on  tbe  flood  tide  and  a comparatively  rapid 
current  more  or  less  restricted  to  the  channel  on  the  ebb  tide. 

2.  The  within  described  means  of  making,  improving,  or  maintaining  a 
channel  for  navigation,  consisting  of  sectional  .overlapping  jetties  placed  at 
an  angle  witb'the  outgoing  current,  the  intervals  between  which  are  closed 
with  tidal  gates,  and  so  arranged  as  to  afford  comparatively'unrestricted  en- 
trance at  many  points  to  the  inflowing  curreot,rhut  to  close  against  the  out- 
going current,  and  divert  it,  wholly  or  in  great  part,  through  the  space  in- 
tended for  said  channel. 

In  testimony  that  I claim  the  foregoing  improvement  in  process  for  the 
deepening  and  maintenance  of  channels  for  navigation,  as  above  described,  I 
have  hereunto  set  my  hand  this  30th  day  of  December,  1884. 

John  C.  Goodridge,  Jr. 

Witnesses: 

M.  A.  Goodridge, 

Emmet  Philips. 


65 


Patent  No.  88,545.  Dated  April  (J,  18(19. 

Wliat  1 claim,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent,  is: 

1.  'I'lie  lierein-descril)ed  i)laslie,  pulverulent  urtitieiai  stone  paste,  com- 
posed of  sand,  liydroulie  lime,  and,  in  some  cases,  hydraulic  cement,  prepared 
substantially  in  the  manner  and  for  the  purpose  set  forth. 

2.  In  the  manufacture  of  artificial  stones,  or  monolithic  masonry,  the 
herein -described  mode  of  hrin<;ing  the  molecules  of  the  mass  in  close  pro.x- 
imiiy,  one  to  the  other,  and  obtaining  a hard  stone,  by  means  and  with  the 
use  of  a heavy  and  hard  pounder,  exerting  its  action  in  a systematic  manner 
ui)on  successive  layers  of  aititicial  stone  paste  of  the  character  and  under  the 
circumstances  substantially  as  herein  set  forth. 

3.  As  a new  article  of  manufacture,  the  stones,  or  monolithic  masonry, 
when  made  from  the  substances  herein  set  foith,  treated  substantially  in  the 
manner  s|)ecitied. 

FRANCOIS  COIGNET. 


Patent  No.  88,54G.  Dated  April  6,  1869. 

To  all  whom  it  may  concern : 

What  I claim,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent,  is: 

1.  In  monolithic  buildings,  made  of  agglomerated  artificial  stone  paste,  the 
prodiictif.n  of  flues,  pipes,  or  openings,  for  the  purpose  of  heating,  ventilating, 
conveying  %vater,  gas,  or  smoke,  etc.,  by  means  and  with  the  use  of  proper 
cores  introduced  in  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  and  the  agglomerating  around 
said  eores  of  a special  composition  of  artificial  stone  paste  in  the  manner  and 
for  the  purpose  herein  set  forth. 

2.  In  monolithic  structures,  such  as  wharves,  dams,  abulment  walls, 
etc.,  making  the  walls  hollow,  or  boneycombed,  and  filling  the  said  hollow 
or  cells  with  pouiuled  earth,  as  herein  set  forth,  for  obtaining  greater  inertia 
strength,  or  bulk  of  masonry,  at  a reduced  expense. 

FRxVNCOIS  COIGNET.  [i..  s.] 


Patent  No.  88,547.  Dated  April  6,  1869. 

What  I do  claim,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent  of  the  United 
States,  is: 

1.  The  combination  of  agglonieraled  artificial  stone  paste  with  iron  scraps 
of  irregular  shape,  such  as  nails,  double  headed  nails,  or  bolls,  rings,  hooks, 
clamps,  wire,  etc.,  substantially  in  the  manner  and  for  the  purpose  .set  forth. 

2.  The  introduction  in  the  body  of  artilicial  stones  or  in  the  body  of 
artificial  stone  monolithic  structures,  made  of  agglomerated  artificial  stone 
paste,  of  skeletons,  or  metallic  framework,  linked  or  arranged  so  as  to 
strengthen  the  same,  substantiallv  as  specified. 

3.  The  application  of  agglomerated  artificial  stone  paste  to  the  protection 
and  isolating  of  telegraphic  wires. 


FRANCOIS  COIGNET.  [l.  h.] 


6G 


Patent  No.  88,548.  Dated  April  6,  1869. 

To  all  whom  it  may  concern  : 

What  I claim,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent,  is; 

1.  The  use  of  hj'draulic  cement,  ground  with  a relatively  small  quantity 
of  water  into  a thick,  plastic  paste,  for  cementing  sand  in  the  manufacture  of 
agglomerated  artificial  stones. 

2.  The  herein-described  process  of  retarding  the  crystallization  or  setting 
of  hydraulic  cements,  by  repeated  and  prolonged  triturations,  whereby  the 
proper  amount  of  sand  may  be  iucoporaled  therewith. 

3.  As  a new  article  of  manufacture,  the  artificial  stones,  or  monolithic 
structures,  made  of  hydraulic  cement  and  sand,  prepared  and  agglomerated 
substantially  in  the  manner  herein  specified. 

FRANCOIS  COIGN  ET.  [i..  s.] 


Patent  No.  88,549.  Dated  April  6.  1869. 

What  I claim,  and  desire  to  secure  by'  lietters  Patent,  is  : 

1.  'I'he  application  of  heal  in  the  preparation  of  artificial  stone  paste,  either 
to  the  materials  employed  before  being  mi.xed,  or  to  the  mixture  of  the  same, 
during  the  process  of  trituration,  substantially  in  the  manner  and  for  the 
purpose  set  forth. 

2.  The  manufacture  of  artificial  stones,  or  monolithic  structures,  by  means 
and  with  the  use  of  hot  agglomerated  artificial  stone  paste,  substantially  pre- 
pared as  herein  set  forth. 

FRANCOIS  COIGNET.  [i..  s.J 


Patent  No.  98,055.  Dated  December  21,  1869. 

To  whom  it  may  concern : 

What  I do  claim  as  my  invention,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters' Patent 
of  the  United  States,  is: 

1.  Protecting  the  exposed  corner.«,  sides,  edges,  or  angles  of  artificial 
stones  by  means  and  with  the  use  of  metallic  shields  fastened  thereto,  in  the 
process  of  manufacturing  said  stone,  substantially  in  the  manner  herein  set 
forth. 

2.  As  a new  article  of  manufacture,  a metal  clad  artificial  stone,  made 
substantially  as  herein  described,  for  building  purposes,  or  other  wants  of  the 
arts,  industry,  or  commerce. 


FRANCOIS  COIGNET. 


67 


Patent  No.  J)8,0;J4.  Dated  Deceiubet  21,  1869. 

Wliat  1 claim  as  my  invention,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent  of 
the  United  Stales,  is: 

The  licreiu  de.seribed  morle  of  obtaining  a masonry  or  block  of  artificial 
stone,  of  the  eliaraeter  known  as  Coignet’s  agglomerale,  witlionl  seams, 
beads,  or  partings,  by  means  of  the  .syslem  of  rougbening  of  the  surfaces  of 
Ibe  strata,  substantially  as  berein  set  fortb. 

FKANCOIS  t’OlGNET. 


Patent  No.  Dated  December  21,  1869. 

Wbal  I claim  as  my  invention,  and  desire  to  secure  by  Letters  Patent  of 
be  United  Slates,  is: 

1.  The  inclined  body,  or  case  7’ in  combination  with  the  conjoint 
lielices  D SI)  S,  substantially  as  and  for  the  purpose  set  fortb. 

2.  Tlic  regulating  sand-bopper,  will)  its  gate  <,  or  equivalent  device,  in 
combiiiiiiion  with  the  helices  D S D S and  case  P Q,  QK 

The  use  of  one  or  more  screws.  S',  with  hopper  E,  and  of  ilefinite 
totaled  spur  wheels  and  pinions  t'  f-,  in  combination  with  the  helices  D S D S, 
substantially  as  specified,  and  to  the  end  of  secui  ing  automatic  feed  to  the 
malaxator. 

4.  The  water  pipe  Z,  and  variable  overflow  TF,  or  fbeir  equivalent,  to 
obtain  the  effect  specified  upon  the  sand  in  the  malaxator. 

5.  The  conical  adjustable  sleeves  qq,  in  combination  with  the  jiiece  Q'  and 
conjoint  helices  D S D S. 

6.  The  combination  of  the  wheels  K 7i,  body  P Q Q',  and  shafts  H 11,  in 
the  manner  and  to  the  end  set  forth. 

FRANCOIS  COIGNET. 


I’aliMit  No.  !tK,();i5. 


Patent  No.  Dated  January  21,  IfiTO. 

To  aV  whom  it  may  concern : 

Wliat  1 elaini  as  my  invention,  and  desire  to  seeure  l)y  Letters  Patent  of 
tlie  United  Stales,  is  : 

The  process,  or  combination  of  the  several  pliysico  elicmico-meclianical 
means,  above  described,  of  cmployiii"  fat  lime,  or  common  lime,  in  artificial 
stones  i>r  monolithic  structures,  sub.stantially  in  tlie  manner  and  for  tin-  pur- 
pose set  forth. 


FRANCOIS  COIGNET. 


GO 


U£rr/\IC3£  SPAN  PROSPECT P'A. 


f.SROOMYN  LJ. 


TRECTCO/STO  BY  MO.  C GOOOP/OC£JO  PAY'D 


Fountain  on  Plaza.  Entrance  to  Prospect  Park. 


70 


Tliiiil  Am‘.  cor.  Tliinl  yt.,  Hrookl>n.  N.  V. 


71 


James  Kenwick,  Architect. 


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